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notes on ...

Notes on "Hey Jude"

Notes on ... Series #14.0 (HJ.0)

by Alan W. Pollack

       Key: F Major
     Meter: 4/4
        CD: "Past Masters", Volume 2, Track 7 (Parlophone CDP 90044-2)
  Recorded: 29th, 30th July 1968, Abbey Road 2;
            31st July, 1st August 1968, Trident Studios
UK-release: 30th August 1968 (A Single / "Revolution")
US-release: 26th August 1968 (A Single / "Revolution")

"Hey Jude" is such a monumental favorite, I'm almost dissuaded from touching it because of the pressure to say something profound. I'll go for it nonetheless, even if I do get everything wrong, because it's such a good illustration of two compositional lessons — how to fill a large canvas with simple means, and how to use diverse elements such as harmony, bassline, and orchestration to articulate form and contrast. There's also the subtle matter of the way that time in this song is divided into classically proportional durations, but more on all of this to come.

The Long Form

Much has been made of the unusual length of this song (7:07), particularly for a single, but it's the means by which this length is sustained (not the length per se) that's of interest.

There are many other songs by contemporaneous artists which break the three-to-four minute length barrier, though the examples which come immediately to mind use a variety of techniques, none of which is used in "Hey Jude": an extended improvisational break in the middle ("Light My Fire"), the stringing together of several shorter songs, medley-style ("MacArthur Park"), or simply a long series of verse and refrain couples ("Sad Eyed Lady of the Lowlands").

The Beatles opt here instead for an unusual binary form which combines a fully developed, hymn-like song together with an extended, mantra-like jam on a simple chord progression. It will become clear from a detailed examination of "Hey Jude" just how neatly the two halves complement each other, and from what simple musical materials they are constructed.

The Song

The first half of "Hey Jude" is in one of the more standard song forms:

   Verse | Verse | Bridge | Verse | Bridge | Verse

Furthermore, a number of factors lend to the music a four-square, almost classical flavor:

The absolutely pure F Major diatonic harmony; the only chromatic exception being the relatively tame use of the F7 chord (V-of-IV) to pivot into the bridge section.
In the verse, the presentation of all the chords in root position, and the stodgy harmonic rhythm of one chord change per measure; the only exception being the repeat of the C chord (V) in measures 2 and 3, thereby creating a very slow, almost subliminal syncopation.
In the bridge, the Bach-like walking bassline which, by the way, is a key source of the perceived contrast between the bridge section and its surrounding verses; the bassline of the verse, after all, simply follows the roots of the chord changes.
In the melody, the pervasive use of appoggiaturas and "escape" notes.
And, in the right hand of the piano part, the oscillating chordal style.

It's interesting to note how some of the four-square feeling is gently relieved by extending the last phrase of the verse an extra measure right before the bridge, and by the short, "extra" phrase of two measures at the end of the bridge, leading back to the verse; that latter phrase, with its "nah-nah-nah" lyrics also providing an associative link with the jam section.

The Jam

The second half of the song is built on no less than eighteen and a half repetitions of the following chord progression:

       F            -» E-flat       -» B-flat       -» F
   F:  I               flat-VII        IV              I

   [Figure 14.1]

Not only does the repetitive nature of this section create an obvious contrast with the symmetrical form of the first half, but there are two other, more subtle sources of contrast:

The use of the flat-VII chord here gives the jam session a decidedly modal, Mixolydian flavor which contrasts with the almost simplistically "straight", diatonic Major mode of the first half.
The "nah-nah-nah" vocal melody of this jam, with its emphasis on the F-natural at its apogee, creates a freely dissonant ninth against the E-flat chord; it's a small effect, yet so pungent that I dare say it's one of the signature characteristics of this track. If you look back at the first half of the song, you'll note that in contrast, all of the plentiful melodic dissonance to be found there is carefully, consistently resolved.

The Arrangement

When we turn to the arrangement, we find not so much a source of contrast, as we do one of formal articulation.

In the first half, in particular, we have an excellent, fairly late example of the progressive layering technique that first appeared as a Beatles' hallmark several years earlier. A simple, section-by-section narrative reveals both how the texture is increasingly thickened over the first three sections, and how the final two verses continue to present deft touches of variation on what has come before:

First verse:	Piano solo with Macca vocal, single tracked.
Second verse:	Add acoustic rhythm guitar, and tambourine on the off-beat. Also add backing vocals singing "Ahhhh" in the second half of the verse.
First bridge:	Add drums and tapping cymbals. Also add bass, in conspicuous walking style, no less.
Third verse:	Second half has backing vocals in parallel thirds with lead. Note the stray backing vocal with the terrific anticipation of the phrase "so let it out and let it in" from the next bridge.
Second bridge:	As in the first bridge. Neither adding to or varying the arrangement of the second bridge sets a good example of "avoidance of foolish consistency". I think it also underscores the relationship of the two bridges to each other, as well as their contrasting role with respect to the verses.
Fourth verse:	Note Macca's melodic ornamentation of the initial "Hey Jude" phrase, and how the parallel thirds of the backing vocal follows all the way through this verse. There's also the final vocal flourish ("better, better, ...") which leads to the jam section; it actually sounds triple tracked — two Maccas singing the flourish itself, and a third singing "make it, Jude."

Macca's performance of that flourish, by the way, is quite a tour de force. It's an appoggiatura'd arpeggio covering just over two octaves from E below middle C all the way up to high F, eleven notes above middle C — real soprano territory — and he does it without having to fully overblow his voice into falsetto. Though he was sufficiently insecure about his performance to have double tracked it here, you can get a more pristine, single tracked audition of this feat on the take 9 rehearsal version, found on "Ultra Rare Trax" and other popular rarities.

The arrangement and the recording of the jam section also contain some interesting strategic details:

Most notably, in addition to all the instruments used in the first half (with the exception of the bass guitar, according to Lewisohn), the repeated ground bassline of the jam is underscored by sustained doubling of a small orchestra of thirty-six players; the session documentation lists a full variety of strings, woodwinds, and brass, but what you hear mostly on the finished recording are bowed strings and trumpets. In general, this technique lends an overall feel of weightiness and measured motion to the music, curiously in contrast to the otherwise bustling, rocking foreground texture of the piano, drums, and screaming Macca.

Note how the doubling of the bassline is itself progressively layered over the course of several repetitions of the mantra-like phrase:

First repeat:	Bass fiddles in unison with ground bass.
Fourth repeat:	Add mid-range strings (cellos/violas?) and trumpets two octaves above ground bass.
Eighth repeat:	Add violins at four octaves above ground bass, though they sound like they sustain a simple F-natural rather than following the melody of the bassline.

The curious thing about the recording of this jam is the extremely long fade-out which begins as early as the tenth repetition of the mantra-like phrase, at a point where there are still a full two minutes of music left to come.

This gambit, combined with the sensation created by the sustained-note doubling of the bassline, creates an astonishingly transcendental effect. I stumble for metaphors to describe it, but the sorts of things which come to mind are "the music of the spheres", "the long caravan which passes slowly by", or perhaps, a painting in which the perspective is so deep that the vanishing point (of singularity) seems to approach the infinite. (Get this guy out of here, would ya', please!)

The Time

If you chart out the durations of the major sections of "Hey Jude", you find that, as a rule, they divide up the time into not-quite symmetrical, golden-mean proportions. Note, by the way, how the jam happens to be the longer of the two major sections:

   Minutes: 0       1       2       3       4       5       6       7
            |-------- song ---------|--------- jam section ---------|
                                                    |-- fade-out ---|

   [Figure 14.2]

I would dare to suggest that on top of everything else we've discussed, this proportional division of time is yet another source of the satisfaction, and relaxation one experiences in this song.

So, What's It All About?

I've never been quite sure, myself. The jam section taken alone would seem to point in the thematic direction of "spiritual enlightenment", obviously something of a preoccupation of some of the Beatles during the era in which this song was composed. But the older I get, the more convinced I am that the main message here is to be found in the first half — the "imperative" to now pursue one's destined love the minute either you have found her, or she has found you. Yep, I do believe that once you internalize that much, the transcendent, blissful joy of the second half falls right into place.

Regards,

Alan (010590#14.0)

Copyright © 1990 by Alan W. Pollack. All Rights Reserved. This article may be reproduced, retransmitted, redistributed and otherwise propagated at will, provided that this notice remains intact and in place.